Environmental degradation of Nike lake: a study on water quality parameters and heavy metal accumulation in fish

Authors

  • C. E. Achikanu
    Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology Sciences, Enugu State University of Science & Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • I. I. Ujah
    Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology Sciences, Enugu State University of Science & Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • O. N. Ani
    Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology Sciences, Enugu State University of Science & Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • C. A. Nsude
    Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology Sciences, Enugu State University of Science & Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • K. O. Okolo
    Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science & Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • D. O. Okeke
    Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
  • C. U. Ekekezie
    Department of Building, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Enugu State university of Science & Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • V. E. Okpashi
    Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
  • L. C. Okwesili
    Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science & Technology
  • I. O. Okpako
    Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Nairobi, Kenya
  • E. O. Nneji
    Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology Sciences, Enugu State University of Science & Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria
  • C. A. Anieke
    Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology Sciences, Enugu State University of Science & Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria

Keywords:

Pollution, Heavy metals, Nike lake, Clarias gariepinus, Tilapia zillii

Abstract

Environmental pollution is a pressing global issue, with heavy metal pollution posing a significant threat. This study examined the concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, lead, chromium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, mercury, selenium, and arsenic) in various organs and tissues (blood, gills, intestines, liver) of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and Redbelly Tilapia (Tilapia zillii) from Nike Lake in Enugu State, Nigeria. Water samples from the lake were also analyzed for heavy metal concentrations, as well as nitrogen and phosphorous content, nitrate, phosphate, and dissolved oxygen levels. The results showed that the fish samples contained varying concentrations of heavy metals, with the highest levels found in the gills. The ranges of metal concentrations were: Cd (0.00-0.033), Ni (0.00-0.002), Pb (0.00-0.072), Cr (0.00-0.039), Mn (0.00-0.041), Fe (0.010-1.363), Zn (0.268-0.604), Cu (0.008-0.084), Hg (0.00-0.147), Se (0.293-0.474), Mo (0.020-0.095), and As (0.00-0.034). The water samples contained similar concentrations of heavy metals, were Cd:0.02, Ni:0.001, Pb:0.034, Cr:0.00, Mn:0.012, Fe:0.037, Zn:0.173, Cu:0.008, Hg:0.147, Se:0.309, Mo:0.027, As:0.004, with the addition of nitrate (4.373), phosphate (4.383), and dissolved oxygen (45.33) levels. The nitrogen and phosphorous content in the fish organs ranged from 2.938-4.987 and 3.089-7.484, respectively. The study highlights the presence of toxic heavy metals in the organs of the fish, emphasizing the need for regulation and monitoring to mitigate the risks associated with heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems.

Dimensions

[1] V. J. Inglezakis, S. G. Poulopoulos, E. Arkhangelsky, A. A. Zorpas & A. N. Menegaki, “Aquatic environment”, in Environment and Development, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 137-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62733-9.00003-4.

[2] R. K. Mishra, “Fresh water availability and its global challenge”, British Journal of Multidisciplinary Advanced Studies 4 (2023) 1. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0208.

[3] H. I. Abdel-Shafy & M. S. M. Mansour, “Phytoremediation for the elimination of metals, pesticides, PAHs, and other pollutants from wastewater and soil”, in Phytobiont and Ecosystem Restitution, V. Kumar & M. Kumar & R. Prasad (Eds.), Springer, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1187-1_5.

[4] B. R. Scanlon, I. Jolly, M. Sophocleous & L. Zhang, “Global impacts of conversions from natural to agricultural ecosystems on water resources: Quantity versus quality”, Water Resources Research 43 (2007) W03437. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005486.

[5] M. B. Hossain, F. Tanjin, M. S. Rahman, J. Yu, S. Akhter, M. A. Noman & J. Sun, “Metals bioaccumulation in 15 commonly consumed fishes from the lower Meghna River and adjacent areas of Bangladesh and associated human health hazards”, Toxics 10 (2022) 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030139.

[6] E. B. Oluwagbemi, V. N. Enwemiwe, E. O. Ayoola, C. C. Obi, J. U. Okushemiya & H. Ufoegbune, “Physicochemical characteristics of soil and water in electronic waste dump site, Alaba Lagos, Nigeria”, African Scientific Report 2 (2023) 84. https://doi.org/10.46481/asr.2023.2.1.84.

[7] I. Bashir, F. A. Lone, R. A. Bhat, S. A. Mir, Z. A. Dar & S. A. Dar, ”Concerns and threats of contamination on aquatic ecosystems”, in Bioremediation and Biotechnology, Springer, 2020, pp. 1-26. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-35691-0_1.

[8] A. Ado, S. M. Gumel & J. Garba, “Industrial effluents as a major source of water pollution in Nigeria: An overview”, American Journal of Chemical Applications 1 (2014) 45. https://jaymakenergy.com/admin/newsdoc/Journalofchemistry.pdf.

[9] B. Chijioke, I. B. Ebong & H. Ufomba, “The impact of oil exploration and environmental degradation in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria: A study of oil-producing communities in Akwa Ibom state”, Global Journal of Human Social Science 18 (2018) 54. https://www.academia.edu/download/57529477/4-The-Impact-of-Oil-Exploration.pdf.

[10] R. R. Karri, G. Ravindran & M. H. Dehghani, “Wastewater sources, toxicity, and their consequences to human health”, in Soft Computing Techniques in Solid Waste and Wastewater Management, Elsevier, 2021, pp. 3-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824463-0.00001-X.

[11] A. T. Ibrahim, E. T. Wassif & M. S. Alfons, “Heavy metals assessment in water, sediments, and some organs of Oreochromis niloticus under the impact of sewage water”, Journal of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Diseases 1 (2016) 1. http://www.imedpub.com/.

[12] J. H. Duffus, “Heavy metals’ - a meaningless term?” (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 (2002) 793. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274050793.

[13] J. Baby, J. S. Raj, E. T. Biby, P. Sankarganesh, M. V. Jeevitha, S. U. Ajisha & S. S. Rajan, “Toxic effect of heavy metals on aquatic environment”, International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 4 (2010) 431. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/62976.

[14] H. Ali & E. Khan, “Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains/webs–Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health”, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 24 (2018) 1. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10807039.2018.1469398.

[15] P. B. Tchounwou, C. G. Yedjou, A. K. Patlolla & D. J. Sutton, “Heavy metal toxicity and the environment”, Molecular and Clinical Environmental Toxicology 3 (2012) 133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6.

[16] Z. Kolbert, A. Cuypers & N. Verbruggen, “Essential trace elements: Micronutrients with large impact”, Journal of Experimental Botany 73 (2022) 1685. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac025.

[17] B. J. Alloway, “Heavy metals and metalloids as micronutrients for plants and animals”, in Heavy Metals in Soils. Environmental Pollution, B. Alloway (Ed.), Springer, Dordrecht, 2013, pp. 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7_7.

[18] D. L. Knoell & T. A. Wyatt, “The adverse impact of cadmium on immune function and lung host defense”, Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 115 (2021) 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.10.007.

[19] L. J. Yan & D. C. Allen, “Cadmium-induced kidney injury: Oxidative damage as a unifying mechanism”, Biomolecules 11 (2021) 1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111575.

[20] G. Fatima, A. M. Raza, N. Hadi, N. Nigam & A. A. Mahdi, “Cadmium in human diseases: It’s more than just a mere metal”, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 34 (2019) 371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-019-00839-8.

[21] E. F. Nwose, O. T. Victor, A. I. Ojodomo & I. J. Ozoemena, “A review on the toxicological implication of cosmetic, hair dyes and re-laxers”, Global Scientific Journal 10 (2022) 266. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385271800_A_Review_On_The_Toxicological_Implication_Of_Cosmetic_Hair_Dyes_And_Relaxers#fullTextFileContent.

[22] M. H. Lafta, A. Afra, I. Patra, A. T. Jalil, M. J. Mohammadi & A. M. B. Al-Dhalimy, “Toxic effects due to exposure to heavy metals and increased health risk assessment (leukemia)”, Reviews on Environmental Health 39 (2024) 351. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2022-0227.

[23] M. A. Assi, M. N. M. Hezmee, M. Y. M. Sabri & M. A. Rajion, “The detrimental effects of lead on human and animal health”, Veterinary World 9 (2016) 660. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671.

[24] S. J. Flora & S. Agrawal, Arsenic, cadmium, and lead, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Academic Press, 2017, pp. 537-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804239-7.00031-7.

[25] M. Iyer, U. Anand, S. Thiruvenkataswamy, H. W. S. Babu, A. Narayanasamy & V. K. Prajapati, “A review of chromium (Cr) epigenetic toxicity and health hazards”, Science of The Total Environment 882 (2023) 163483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163483.

[26] S. Prakash & A. K. Verma, “Arsenic: its toxicity and impact on human health”, International Journal of Biology and Innovation 3 (2021) 38. https://doi.org/10.46505/IJBI.2021.3102.

[27] B. A. Dar, A. Yaqoob & G. J. Mir, “Effect of environmental contaminants on female reproductive health: a narrative review”, BioMedical Engineering Horizon 1 (2023) 86. https://doi.org/10.37155/2972-449X-vol1(3)-86.

[28] Y. S. Wu, A. I. Osman, M. Hosny, A. M. Elgarahy, A. S. Eltaweil & D. W. Rooney, “The toxicity of mercury and its chemical compounds: molecular mechanisms and environmental and human health implications: a comprehensive review”, ACS Omega 9 (2024) 5100. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c07047.

[29] M. M. Authman, M. S. Zaki, E. A. Khallaf & H. H. Abbas, “Use of fish as bio-indicator of the effects of heavy metals pollution”, Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development 6 (2015) 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000328.

[30] T. E. Amalu & A. O. Ajake, “Developing natural lakes for socio-economic development: The case of Nike Lake, Enugu State, Nigeria”, GeoJournal 84 (2019) 519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9873-4.

[31] O. B. Enemou, G. Anozie & C. Otta, “Tourism development: A panacea to economic development in South Eastern Nigeria”, International Journal of Science and Management 1 (2012) 72. https://www.academia.edu/download/12219559/trg16.pdf.

[32] I.I. Ujah, G. U. Nwankwo & E. O. Nneji, “Assessing the impact of heavy metal pollution in Nike River using a life cycle approach”, Global Scientific Conference Journal of Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences 24 (2023) 018. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.24.2.0297.

[33] American Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 1998. https://www.scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=1909322.

[34] FAO/WHO, “Heavy Metals Regulations”, Legal Notice No. 66/2003, pp. 34-41. [Online]. https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC042405/.

[35] M. Türkmen, A. Türkmen, Y. Tepe, Y. Töre & A. Ateş, “Determination of metals in fish species from Aegean and Mediterranean seas”, Food Chemistry 113 (2009) 233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.071.

[36] S. I. Ereqat, A. A. Abdelkader, A. F. Nasereddin, A. O. Al-Jawabreh, T. M. Zaid, I. Letnik & A. A. Abdeen, “Isolation and characterization of phenol degrading bacterium strain Bacillus thuringiensis J20 from olive waste in Palestine”, Journal of Environmental Science and Health 53 (2017) 39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2017.1368300.

[37] V. Curcio, R. Macirella, S. Sesti, A. I. Ahmed, F. Talarico & A. Tagarelli, “Morphological and functional alterations induced by two ecologically relevant concentrations of Lead on Danio rerio gills”, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23 (2022) 9165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169165.

[38] F. Malhat, “Distribution of heavy metal residues in fish from the River Nile tributaries in Egypt”, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 87 (2011) 163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0314-z.

[39] T. T. Tesser, C. M. da Rocha & D. Castro, “Metal contamination in omnivores, carnivores and detritivores fish along the Tramandaı́ River Basin, RS, Brazil”, Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 16 (2021) 100496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100496.

[40] W. Zhong, Y. Zhang, Z. Wu, R. Yang, X. Chen, J. Yang & L. Zhu, “Health risk assessment of heavy metals in freshwater fish in the central and eastern North China”, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 157 (2018) 343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.048.

[41] A. Uzomah, A. K. Lundebye, M. Kjellevold, F. A. Chuku & O. A. Stephen, “A review of chemical contaminants in marine and fresh water fish in Nigeria”, Foods 10 (2021) 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092013.

[42] L. C. Freitas, J. L. C. Silva, D. B. Pinheiro-Sousa, D. M. S. Santos, L. A. Benjamin & S. R. S. Oliveira, “Histological biomarkers and biometric data on trahira Hoplias malabaricus (Pisces, Characiformes, Erythrinidae): A bioindicator species in the Mearim River, Brazilian Amazon”, Brazilian Journal of Biology 82 (2022) e263047. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.263047.

[43] K. J. Elnabris, S. K. Muzyed & N. M. El-Ashgar, “Heavy metal concentrations in some commercially important fishes and their contribution to heavy metals exposure in Palestinian people of Gaza Strip (Palestine)”, Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences 13 (2013) 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2012.06.001.

[44] E. Y. Mohammady, M. R. Soaudy, A. Abdel-Rahman, M. Abdel-Tawwab & M. S. Hassaan, “Comparative effects of dietary zinc forms on performance, immunity, and oxidative stress-related gene expression in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus”, Aquaculture 532 (2021) 736006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736006.

[45] S. Rajeshkumar, Y. Liu, J. Ma, H. Y. Duan & X. Li, “Effects of exposure to multiple heavy metals on biochemical and histopathological alterations in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L”, Fish & Shellfish Immunology 70 (2017) 461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.013.

[46] V. Matozzo, C. Ercolini, L. Serracca, R. Battistini, I. Rossini & G. Granato, “Assessing the health status of farmed mussels (Mytilus gal-oprovincialis) through histological, microbiological and biomarker analyses”, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 153 (2018) 165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.018.

[47] N. Karim, “Copper and human health – A review”, Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College 8 (2018) 117. https://doi.org/10.51985/JBUMDC2018046.

[48] M. Abdel-Tawwab, G. O. El-Sayed, M. N. Monier & S. H. Shady, ”Dietary EDTA supplementation improved growth performance, bio-chemical variables, antioxidant response, and resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) to environmental heavy metals exposure”, Aquaculture 473 (2017) 478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.03.006.

[49] Y. Yuan, M. Jin, J. Xiong & Q. Zhou, “Effects of dietary dosage forms of copper supplementation on growth, antioxidant capacity, innate immunity enzyme activities and gene expressions for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei”, Fish & Shellfish Immunology 84 (2019) 1059.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.075.

[50] J. Chen, Y. Jiang, H. Shi, Y. Peng, X. Fan & C. Li, “The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases”, Pflügers Archiv 472 (2020) 1415. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/S00424-020-02412-2.

[51] G. A. Engwa, P. U. Ferdinand, F. N. Nwalo & M. N. Unachukwu, ”Mechanism and health effects of heavy metal toxicity in humans”, in Poisoning in the modern world: new tricks for an old dog, 2019, pp. 70-90. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64762?_fbp=fb.1.1691596800073.1472350688.

[52] World Health Organization, “Guidelines for drinking-water quality”, fourth edition, 2017. [Online]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950.

[53] M. S. Ayyat, A. M. N. Ayyat, K. M. Abd El-Latif, A. A. Hessein & A. A. Al-Sagheer, “Inorganic mercury and dietary safe feed additives enriched diet impacts on growth, immunity, tissue bioaccumulation, and disease resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)”, Aquatic Toxicology 224 (2020) 105494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105494.

[54] Y. Yamashita, M. Yamashita & H. Lida, “Selenium content in seafood in Japan”, Nutrients 5 (2013) 388. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5020388.

[55] N. V. Ralston & L. J. Raymond, “Dietary selenium’s protective effects against methylmercury toxicity”, Toxicology 278 (2010) 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2010.06.004.

[56] M. D. Cohen, D. H. Bowser & M. Costa, “Carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of lead, beryllium, and other metals”, in Toxicology of Metals, CRC Press, 1996. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003418917-24/carcinogenicity-genotoxicity-lead-beryllium-metals-mitchell-cohen-darlene-bowser-max-costa.

[57] M. Jaishankar, T. Tseten, N. Anbalagan, B. B. Mathew & K. N. Beeregowda, “Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals”, Interdisciplinary Toxicology 7 (2014) 60. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009.

[58] N. K. Kortei, M. E. Heymann, E. K. Essuman, F. M. Kpodo, P. T. Akonor & S. Y. Lokpo, “Health risk assessment and levels of toxic metals in fishes (Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias anguillaris) from Ankobrah and Pra basins: Impact of illegal mining activities on food safety”, Toxicology Reports 7 (2020) 360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.011.

[59] E. A. Okoye, B. Bocca, F. Ruggieri, A. N. Ezejiofor, I. L. Nwaogazie & C. Frazzoli, “Arsenic and toxic metals in meat and fish consumed in Niger Delta, Nigeria: Employing the margin of exposure approach in human health risk assessment”, Food and Chemical Toxicology 159 (2022) 112767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112767.

[60] A. Alamdar, S. A. M. A. S. Eqani, N. Hanif, S. M. Ali, M. Fasola & H. Bokhari, “Human exposure to trace metals and arsenic via consumption of fish from river Chenab, Pakistan and associated health risks”, Chemosphere 168 (2017) 1004. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653516315016.

[61] S. Caito & M. Aschner, “Neurotoxicity of metals”, Handbook of Clinical Neurology 131 (2015) 169. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00011-1.

[62] Y. Zhu & M. Costa, “Metals and molecular carcinogenesis”, Carcinogenesis 41 (2020) 1161. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgaa076.

[63] X. F. Hu, M. Lowe & H. M. Chan, “Mercury exposure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis”, Environmental Research 193 (2021) 110538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110538.

[64] M. Balali-Mood, K. Naseri, Z. Tahergorabi, M. R. Khazdair & M. Sadeghi, “Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic”, Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (2021) 643972. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.643972.

[65] S. Dutta, B. Gorain, H. Choudhury, S. Roychoudhury & P. Sengupta, ”Environmental and occupational exposure of metals and female reproductive health”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29 (2022) 62067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16581-9.

[66] A. Z. Yusha’u, “Nitrogen and phosphorus content in fish tissues of Clarias gariepinus and Lates niloticus harvested from Zaria eutrophic waters”, ChemSearch Journal 1 (2010) 19. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/csj/article/view/115885/105436.

[67] D. Hlavac, Z. Adamek, P. Hartman & J. Masilko, “Effects of supplementary feeding in carp ponds on discharge water and quality: A review”, Aquaculture International 22 (2014) 299. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10499-013-9718-6.

[68] B. Isyaku & J. R. Solomon, “Effect of detergent on the growth of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)”, Tropical Journal of Zoology 19 (2016) 198. https://www.academia.edu/download/54332993/authors_complete_publication.pdf.

[69] M. Kumar & A. Puri, “A review of permissible limits of drinking water”, Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 16 (2012) 40. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3482709/.

Published

2024-12-30

How to Cite

Environmental degradation of Nike lake: a study on water quality parameters and heavy metal accumulation in fish. (2024). African Scientific Reports, 3(3), 245. https://doi.org/10.46481/asr.2024.3.3.245

Issue

Volume 3, Issue 3, December 2024

Section

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTION
Copyright & Licensing

Copyright (c) 2024 C. E. Achikanu, I. I. Ujah, O. N. Ani, C. A. Nsude, K. O. Okolo, D. O. Okeke, C. U. Ekekezie, V. E. Okpashi, L. C. Okwesili, I. O. Okpako, E. O. Nneji, C. A. Anieke

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Environmental degradation of Nike lake: a study on water quality parameters and heavy metal accumulation in fish. (2024). African Scientific Reports, 3(3), 245. https://doi.org/10.46481/asr.2024.3.3.245

Similar Articles

11-20 of 24

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.