High-performance and economically viable La2NiMnO6-based carrier transport layer-free perovskite solar cell with carbon-contact feasibility: a SCAPS-1D analysis

Authors

  • Peverga Rex Jubu
    Africa Centre of Excellence in Future Energies and Electrochemical System (ACE-FUELS), Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), P.M.B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
    Department of Industrial Physics, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University Makurdi (Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
  • Akache Nathan-Abutu
    Department of Industrial Physics, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University Makurdi (Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
  • Francis Aungwa
    Department of Industrial Physics, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University Makurdi (Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
  • Chijioke Amakom
    Africa Centre of Excellence in Future Energies and Electrochemical System (ACE-FUELS), Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), P.M.B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
    Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), P.M.B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
  • Izuchukwu Kenneth Nwokolo
    Africa Centre of Excellence in Future Energies and Electrochemical System (ACE-FUELS), Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), P.M.B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
  • Aaron Opeyemi Aransiola
    Africa Centre of Excellence in Future Energies and Electrochemical System (ACE-FUELS), Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), P.M.B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
    Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
  • Kufre I. Udofia
    Africa Centre of Excellence in Future Energies and Electrochemical System (ACE-FUELS), Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), P.M.B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
    Department of Physics, Akwa Ibom State University, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
  • John Ojinere Anyanwu
    Africa Centre of Excellence in Future Energies and Electrochemical System (ACE-FUELS), Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), P.M.B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
  • Dehiin Donald Hile
    Department of Industrial Physics, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University Makurdi (Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
    Department of Physics, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa 3886, South Africa
  • Madan Mohan Gururani
    Department of Physics, Moti Ram Babu Ram Government Post Graduate College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
  • Dooshima Judith Mtsor
    Department of Industrial Physics, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University Makurdi (Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi), P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
  • Emeka Emmanuel Oguzie
    Africa Centre of Excellence in Future Energies and Electrochemical System (ACE-FUELS), Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO), P.M.B. 1526 Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
    Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Keywords:

Perovskite solar cells, La2NiMnO6, Carrier transport layer-free, SCAPS-1D, Carbon contact.

Abstract

Carrier transport layers (CTLs) play a crucial role in conventional perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by aiding charge extraction. However, their involvement increases fabrication complexity, production cost, and potential instability. In this work, a simplified and economically viable CTL-free PSC configuration of  FTO/La2NiMnO6/Au is proposed and systematically investigated using SCAPS-1D numerical simulation. Lanthanum nickel manganese oxide (La2NiMnO6) perovskite, an ambipolar absorber, is demonstrated to effectively perform both light absorption and charge transport without the need for auxiliary transport materials. Through systematic optimization of absorber thickness, defect density, electron capture cross-section, and resistive losses, a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 30.58% is recorded under standard illumination conditions, significantly outperforming previously reported single-absorber La2NiMnO6-based devices. The optimized device demonstrates strong defect tolerance, excellent carrier mobility balance, and robust thermal stability. Moreover, replacing the Au back contact with carbon (FTO/La2NiMnO6/C) yields a comparable PCE of 30.34%, confirming the potential for low-cost and scalable device fabrication. These results highlight the feasibility of eliminating CTLs in appropriately engineered devices and establish La2NiMnO6 as a promising material for next-generation, structure-simplified, and high-efficiency photovoltaic technologies.

Dimensions

[1] M. A. Green, E. D. Dunlop, J. Hohl-Ebinger, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis, X. Hao & A. W. Y. Ho-Baillie, ``Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 66)'', Progress in Photovoltaics: Research & Applications 33 (2025) 795. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pip.3919.

[2] National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), ``Best research-cell efficiency chart'', Golden, CO, USA, 2025. Available online: https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html.

[3] K. Wang, J. Zheng, R. Yu & Z. Tan, ``Recent progress on high efficiency perovskite/organic tandem solar cells'', Nanomaterials 15 (2025) 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15100745.

[4] M. Afroz, R. K. Ratnesh, S. Srivastava & J. Singh, ``Perovskite solar cells: progress, challenges, and future avenues to clean energy'', Solar Energy 287 (2025) 113205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.113205.

[5] J. Han, K. Park, S. Tan, N. Li, D. H. Kim, N.-G. Park, M. Grätzel & M. K. Nazeeruddin, ``Perovskite solar cells'', Nature Reviews Methods Primers 5 (2025) 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-024-00373-9.

[6] T. Ye, Y. Hou, A. Nozariasbmarz, D. Yang, J. Yoon, L. Zheng, K. Wang, K. Wang, S. Ramakrishna & S. Priya, ``Cost-effective high-performance charge-carrier-transport-layer-free perovskite solar cells achieved by suppressing ion migration'', ACS Energy Letters 6 (2021) 3044. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01186.

[7] J.-F. Liao, W.-Q. Wu, Y. Jiang, J. Zhong, L. Wang & D.-B. Kuang, ``Understanding of carrier dynamics, heterojunction merits and device physics: towards designing efficient carrier transport layer-free perovskite solar cells'', Chemical Society Reviews 49 (2020) 354. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs01012a.

[8] K. Choodam, N. Kamjam, N. Sukpan, C. Seriwattanachai, A. Inna, K. K. S. Thant, L. Srathongsian, R. Supruangnet, H. Nakajima, A. Kaewprajak, P. Kumnorkaew, D. Wongratanaphisan, P. Ruankham, P. Pakawatpanurut & P. Kanjanaboos, ``Economical perovskite solar cell enabled by triple cost-reduction strategies'', Small Science 6 (2026) e202500451. https://doi.org/10.1002/smsc.202500451.

[9] L. Wang, S. Yang, Q. Han, F. Yu, H. Zhang, X. Cai, C. Zhang, L. Gao & T. Ma, ``Carrier transport layer-free perovskite solar cells'', ChemSusChem 14 (2021) 4776. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202101592.

[10] S. Bhattarai, A. Sharma, D. Muchahary, M. Gogoi & T. D. Das, ``Carrier transport layer free perovskite solar cell for enhancing the efficiency: a simulation study'', Optik 243 (2021) 167492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167492.

[11] Y. Liu, Z. Zhang, T. Wu, Y. Li, H. Wang, X. Chen, J. Zhao, H. Li, L. Zhang & Y. Chen, ``Cost effectivities analysis of perovskite solar cells: will it outperform crystalline silicon ones?'', Nano-Micro Letters 17 (2025) 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-025-01744-x.

[12] L. Etgar, P. Gao, Z. Xue, Q. Peng, A. K. Chandiran, B. Liu, M. K. Nazeeruddin & M. Grätzel, ``Mesoscopic chem{CH_3NH_3PbI_3/TiO_2} heterojunction solar cells'', Journal of the American Chemical Society 134 (2012) 17396. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja307789s.

[13] L. Huang, X. Sun, C. Li, R. Xu, J. Xu, Y. Du, Y. Wu, J. Ni, H. Cai, J. Li, Z. Hu & J. Zhang, ``Electron transport layer-free planar perovskite solar cells: further performance enhancement perspective from device simulation'', Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 157 (2016) 1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.08.025.

[14] W. Hui, X. Kang, B. Wang, D. Li, Z. Su, Y. Bao, L. Gu, B. Zhang, X. Gao, L. Song & W. Huang, ``Stable electron-transport-layer-free perovskite solar cells with over 22% power conversion efficiency'', Nano Letters 23 (2023) 2195. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04720.

[15] C. Huang, P. Lin, N. Fu, C. Liu, B. Xu, K. Sun, D. Wang, X. Zeng & S. Ke, ``Facile fabrication of highly efficient ETL-free perovskite solar cells with 20% efficiency by defect passivation and interface engineering'', Chemical Communications 55 (2019) 2777. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CC00312F.

[16] P. R. Jubu, Z. S. Mbalaha, E. V. Tikyaa, O. S. Obaseki, K. O. Ighodalo, O. Adedokun, A. Nathan-Abutu, M. B. Ochang, Y. Yusof & M. Z. Pakhuruddin, ``High-efficiency hole transport layer-free perovskite solar cells utilizing chem{TiO_2}, ZnO and bilayer chem{TiO_2}/ZnO electron transport layers: a simulation approach'', Next Materials 9 (2025) 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101166.

[17] A. Shpatz Dayan & L. Etgar, ``Study of electron transport layer-free and hole transport layer-free inverted perovskite solar cells'', Solar RRL 6 (2021) 2100578. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202100578.

[18] X. Yang, Q. Li, Y. Zheng, D. Luo, Y. Zhang, Y. Tu, L. Zhao, Y. Wang, F. Xu, Q. Gong & R. Zhu, ``Perovskite hetero-bilayer for efficient charge-transport-layer-free solar cells'', Joule 6 (2022) 1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.04.012.

[19] K. Yi, Q. Tang, Z. Wu & X. Zhu, ``Unraveling the structural, dielectric, magnetic, and optical characteristics of nanostructured chem{La_2NiMnO_6} double perovskites'', Nanomaterials 12 (2022) 979. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12060979.

[20] T. Sangavi, S. Vasanth, C. Viswanathan & N. Ponpandian, ``Synergizing experimental and theoretical insights: unveiling the solar potential of chem{La_2NiMnO_6} double perovskite for enhanced efficiency and sustainability in photovoltaics'', Chemical Engineering Journal 486 (2024) 150216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.150216.

[21] S. H. Cheragee, J. A. Akhi, M. Dev, M. M. Haque, M. A. Kabir, T. Hossain, M. T. Alam & M. J. Alam, ``Optimized non-toxic double absorber perovskite solar cell with efficiency beyond 33%'', Results in Optics 19 (2025) 100813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rio.2025.100813.

[22] M. K. Hossain, A. A. Arnab, G. F. I. Toki, I. Alam, M. H. K. Rubel, M. F. Rahman & H. Bencherif, ``Design insights into chem{La_2NiMnO_6}-based perovskite solar cells employing different charge transport layers: DFT and SCAPS-1D frameworks'', Energy & Fuels 37 (2023) 13377. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02361.

[23] K. Ul Sahar, U. U. Rehman, E. Hussain, M. S. Javed, M. Ahmad, M. I. Khan, Y. Alqahtani & F. A. Alharthi, ``Unraveling the potential of chem{La_2NiMnO_6}-based perovskite solar cells via SCAPS-1D simulations: insights into performance and charge dynamics'', Journal of Electronic Materials 54 (2025) 6118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-025-12041-z.

[24] A. Singh, V. Srivastava & S. Agarwal, ``Enhancing the performance of lead-free chem{La_2NiMnO_6} double perovskite solar cells through SCAPS-1D optimization'', Journal of Optics 53 (2024) 3695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-023-01527-w.

[25] D. Pal & S. Das, ``Defect and interface engineering of highly efficient chem{La_2NiMnO_6} planar perovskite solar cell: a theoretical study'', Optical Materials 108 (2020) 110453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110453.

[26] K. Boughanbour, M. Sahal, E. Oublal, N. Kumar, Y. Belkassmi & A. Kotri, ``Simulation and optimization of chem{MAPbI_3/MASnI_3} heterojunction perovskite solar cell with double ETL by SCAPS-1D software'', Optical and Quantum Electronics 57 (2025) 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-025-08138-8.

[27] P. R. Jubu, F. K. Yam & K. T. Low, ``Feasibility study on synthesis of gallium oxide nanostructures on glass substrate by chemical vapor deposition'', Thin Solid Films 710 (2020) 138257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2020.138257.

[28] E. Danladi, W. Mutah, P. R. Jubu, K. A. Ogunmoye, Z. L. Abubakar, D. A. Bala, N. N. Tasiu, A. Idris, F. Aungwa, M. I. Amanyi, E. Akpogumah, N. I. Noah & F. Ezemaj, ``Photovoltaic performance of chem{CsPbBr_3}-based perovskite solar cell with chem{TiO_2} and quaternary chalcogenide chem{Cu_2FeSnS_4} as charge transport channels: unlocking >26% efficiency via SCAPS-1D investigation'', Next Energy 9 (2025) 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100423.

[29] A. Raj, A. Anshul, V. Tuli, P. K. Singh, R. C. Singh & M. Kumar, ``Effect of appropriate ETL on quantum efficiency of double perovskite chem{La_2NiMnO_6} based solar cell device via SCAPS simulation'', Materials Today: Proceedings 47 (2021) 1656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.581.

[30] W. Lin, X. Chen, Z. Ji, W. Gao, N. Zhao, M. Li, D. Zhang, Y. Ling, J. Wu, K. Huang & J. Yu, ``Optimization of chem{Cs_2TiBr_6}-based perovskite solar cells with double hole transport layer by SCAPS-1D simulation'', Materials Today Communications 46 (2025) 112841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.112841.

[31] E. Danladi, L. F. Obagboye, S. Aisida, F. I. Ezema, O. Okorie, J. A. Bwamba, P. A. Emmanuel, A. A. Hussaini, P. R. Jubu & A. C. Ozurumba, ``20.730% highly efficient lead-free chem{CsSnI_3}-based perovskite solar cells with various charge transport materials: a SCAPS-1D study'', Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design 8 (2025) 114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41939-024-00701-2.

[32] M. V. Kavithaa, C. K. Anjalia & K. S. Sudheer, ``Device simulation and optimization of HTL-free perovskite solar cell with chem{CH_3NH_3SnBr_3} as the absorber layer using SCAPS-1D'', Journal of Ovonic Research 20 (2024) 245. https://doi.org/10.15251/JOR.2024.202.245.

[33] G. Vishnupriya & P. Sathya, ``Computational study of a novel combination of dual-absorber structured perovskite solar cell with theoretical efficiency of 36.37%'', Frontiers in Energy Research 13 (2025) 1631201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2025.1631201.

[34] M. H. Rahman, F. Rayhan, O. Ghosh, A. E. Bajwa, M. S. Hosen, M. S. Uddin, A. M. Al Mashud, A. Kumer & M. M. H. Bappy, ``An in-depth analysis of chem{CsSnCl_3}-based perovskite solar cell with diverse ETLs and chem{C_6TBTAPH_2} as HTL: a numerical analysis'', Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 35 (2025) 7762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-024-03452-2.

[35] M. Shirazi, ``Optimizing key parameters to enhance the performance of lead-free perovskite solar cells with a chem{Cs_2AgBiCl_6} absorber layer using SCAPS-1D simulation'', Journal of Optics 54 (2025) 234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-025-02557-2.

[36] S. M. Alghamdi, ``High-efficiency chem{BaZrSe_3}/ZnSe heterojunction solar cells: a numerical simulation approach for next-generation photovoltaics'', Results in Engineering 28 (2025) 107195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107195.

[37] N. Chawki, M. Rouchdi, M. Alla & B. Fares, ``Simulation & analysis of high-performance hole transport material SrZrS$_3$-based perovskite solar cells with a theoretical efficiency approaching 26%'', Solar Energy 262 (2023) 111913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.111913.

[38] A. Bar, S. K. Saha, K. Ghorui, B. Tudu & S. Sarkar, ``Numerical design & performance optimization of emerging SrZrS$_3$-based solar cells integrated with ZrS$_2$ & CZTS transport layers'', SSRN Electronic Journal (2025). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5500356.

[39] P. K. Patel, ``Device simulation of highly efficient eco-friendly chem{CH_3NH_3SnI_3} perovskite solar cell'', Scientific Reports 11 (2021) 3082. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82817-w.

[40] M. Wang, Y. Yin, W. Cai, J. Liu, Y. Han, Y. Feng, Q. Dong, Y. Wang, J. Bian & Y. Shi, ``Synergetic co-modulation of crystallization and co-passivation of defects for chem{FAPbI_3} perovskite solar cells'', Advanced Functional Materials 32 (2022) 2108567. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202108567.

[41] E. Danladi, E. E. Oguzie & F. I. Ezema, ``Highly efficient 25.562% chem{Cs_2AgBiBr_6} double perovskite solar cell with copper barium tin sulfide and ZnO as charge transport channels: an intuition from a theoretical study using SCAPS-1D'', Journal of Photonics for Energy 15 (2025) 024501. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JPE.15.024501.

[42] S. M. Sze & K. K. Ng, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2007, p. 42. Available online: https://www.wiley.com/en-us/shop/general-introductory-electrical-electronics-engineering/physics-of-semiconductor-devices-3rd-edition-p-9780470068328.

[43] G. E. Eperon, T. Leijtens, K. A. Bush, R. Prasanna, T. Green, J. T.-W. Wang, D. P. McMeekin, G. Volonakis, R. L. Milot, R. May, A. Palmstrom, D. J. Slotcavage, R. A. Belisle, J. B. Patel, E. S. Parrott, R. J. Sutton, W. Ma, F. Moghadam, B. Conings & M. D. McGehee, ``Perovskite-perovskite tandem photovoltaics with optimized band gaps'', Science 354 (2016) 861. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf9717.

[44] D. Zhao, Y. Yu, C. Wang, W. Liao, N. Shrestha, C. R. Grice, A. J. Cimaroli, L. Guan, R. J. Ellingson, K. Zhu, R. G. Xiong & Y. Yan, ``Low-bandgap mixed tin--lead iodide perovskite absorbers with long carrier lifetimes for all-perovskite tandem solar cells'', Nature Energy 2 (2017) 17018. https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.18.

[45] U. U. Rehman, R. S. Almufarij, K. U. Sahar, A. Ashfaq, M. M. Saad, E. Alsubhe, O. Albeydani, S. M. Alghamdi, K. Mahmood & C. M. Wang, ``Efficiency improvement of lead-free chem{La_2NiMnO_6}-based double perovskite solar cells using numerical simulation'', Energy Technology 12 (2024) 2301165. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202301165.

[46] P. Singh & N. M. Ravindra, ``Temperature dependence of solar cell performance--an analysis'', Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 101 (2012) 36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.02.019.

[47] A. H. M. Smets, K. J"{a}ger, O. Isabella, R. A. C. M. M. van Swaaij & M. Zeman, Solar Energy: The Physics & Engineering of Photovoltaic Conversion, Technologies & Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, 2016, p. 34. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304658624_Solar_Energy_-_The_physics_and_engineering_of_photovoltaic_conversion_technologies_and_systems.

[48] P. R. Jubu, S. K. Omotayo, E. E. Oguzie, T. Imbur & M. Z. Pakhuruddin, ``High-efficiency HTL-free i-n versus p-i-n InGaN single junction solar cells: a SCAPS-1D optimization study'', Next Energy 11 (2026) 100540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxener.2026.100540.

[49] J. Tao, C. Zhao, Z. Wang, Y. Chen, L. Zang, G. Yang, Y. Bai & J. Chu, ``Suppressing non-radiative recombination for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells'', Energy & Environmental Science 18 (2025) 509. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE02917H.

[50] P. R. Jubu, M. K. Omar, S. K. Omotayo & M. Z. Pakhuruddin, ``Numerical simulation on electrical characteristics of high efficiency PPN homojunction InGaN photovoltaic solar cell'', Next Materials 11 (2026) 101597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.101597.

[51] K. V. Seshaiah & J. H. Kim, ``Nature of defects and their passivation engineering for advancements in perovskite solar cells'', Chemical Engineering Journal 492 (2024) 152370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.152370.

[52] Y. Wang, Y. Cheng, C. Yin, J. Zhang, J. You, J. Wang, J. Wang & J. Zhang, ``Manipulating crystal growth and secondary phase chem{PbI_2} to enable efficient and stable perovskite solar cells with natural additives'', Nano-Micro Letters 16 (2024) 183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01400-w.

[53] W. Shockley & W. T. Read, ``Statistics of the recombinations of holes and electrons'', Physical Review 87 (1952) 835. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.87.835.

[54] C. Liu, Z. Huang, X. Hu, X. Meng, X. Huang, L. Xiong, J. Tan & Y. Chen, ``Grain boundary modification via F4TCNQ to reduce defects of perovskite solar cells with excellent device performance'', ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10 (2018) 1909. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b15031.

[55] M. Kumar, S. Rani, X. Wang & V. N. Singh, ``Unlocking the full potential of solar cell materials: parameter sensitivity analysis and optimization using response surface modeling'', Materials Advances 6 (2025) 1. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ma00728j.

[56] A. Q. Jakhrani, A. K. Othman, A. R. H. Rigit, S. R. Samo & S. A. Kamboh, ``Sensitivity analysis of a standalone photovoltaic system model parameters'', Journal of Applied Sciences 13 (2013) 220. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2013.220.231.

[57] P. R. Jubu, B. J. Akeredolu, S. J. Ikwee, K. O. Ighodalo, O. S. Obaseki, Z. S. Mbalah, S. K. Omotayo, Y. Yusof & M. Z. Pakhuruddin, ``Performance optimization of perovskite solar cells using p-InGaN as a hole transport layer: a numerical comparison with spiro-OMeTAD and HTL-free designs'', Next Energy 11 (2026) 100510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100510.

[58] S. Rühle, ``Tabulated values of the Shockley--Queisser limit for single junction solar cells'', Solar Energy 130 (2016) 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.02.015.

[59] C. Teixeira, P. Spinelli, L. A. Castriotta, D. Müller, S. Öz, L. Andrade, A. Mendes, A. Di Carlo, U. Würfel, K. Wojciechowski & D. Forgács, ``Charge extraction in flexible perovskite solar cell architectures for indoor applications--with up to 31% efficiency'', Advanced Functional Materials 32 (2022) 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202206761.

[60] Q. Zhou, B. Wang, R. Meng, J. Zhou, S. Xie, X. Zhang, J. Wang, S. Yue, B. Qin, H. Zhou & Y. Zhang, ``Understanding temperature-dependent charge extraction and trapping in perovskite solar cells'', Advanced Functional Materials 30 (2020) 2000550. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000550.

[61] V. M. Le Corre, T. S. Sherkar, M. Koopmans & L. J. A. Koster, ``Identification of the dominant recombination process for perovskite solar cells based on machine learning'', Cell Reports Physical Science 2 (2021) 100346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100346.

[62] A. Castro-Chong, A. J. Riquelme, T. Aernouts, L. J. Bennett, G. Richardson, G. Oskam & J. A. Anta, ``Illumination intensity dependence of the recombination mechanism in mixed perovskite solar cells'', ChemPlusChem 86 (2021) 1347. https://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202100233.

[63] T. Du, W. Xu, S. Xu, S. R. Ratnasingham, C. T. Lin, J. Kim, J. Briscoe, M. A. McLachlan & J. R. Durrant, ``Light-intensity and thickness dependent efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells: charge recombination versus extraction'', Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8 (2020) 12648. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC03390A.

[64] A. Farokhi, H. Shahroosvand, F. Naderloo, S. Bellani, G. Grancini, A. Di Carlo, L. Manna & M. K. Nazeeruddin, ``Low-cost, large-area carbon electrode perovskite solar cells'', Journal of Materials Chemistry A 13 (2025) 37700. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TA05091J.

[65] J. Manit, P. Kanjanaboos, P. Naweephattana, A. Kaewprajak, S. Channarong, T. Supasai, N. Rujisamphan & N. Thongprong, ``Towards device stability of perovskite solar cells through low-cost alkyl-terminated SFX-based hole transporting materials and carbon electrodes'', Scientific Reports 14 (2024) 24167. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74735-4.

[66] S. Ullah, M. Kaleem, F. Khan, A. Nasir & M. Al-Rasheidi, ``Design and optimization of highly efficient and lead-free chem{Cs_2TeI_6}-based double perovskite solar cells: insights from DFT and SCAPS-1D'', Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 301 (2026) 114334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114334.

fig 4

Published

2026-07-15

How to Cite

High-performance and economically viable La2NiMnO6-based carrier transport layer-free perovskite solar cell with carbon-contact feasibility: a SCAPS-1D analysis. (2026). African Scientific Reports, 5(2), 536. https://doi.org/10.46481/asr.2026.5.2.536

Issue

Volume 5, Issue 2, August 2026

Section

PHYSICS SECTION
Copyright & Licensing

Copyright (c) 2026 Peverga Rex Jubu, Akache Nathan-Abutu, Francis Aungwa, Chijioke Amakom, Izuchukwu Kenneth Nwokolo, Aaron Opeyemi Aransiola, Kufre I. Udofia, John Ojinere Anyanwu, Dehiin Donald Hile, Madan Mohan Gururani, Dooshima Judith Mtsor, Emeka Emmanuel Oguzie

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

High-performance and economically viable La2NiMnO6-based carrier transport layer-free perovskite solar cell with carbon-contact feasibility: a SCAPS-1D analysis. (2026). African Scientific Reports, 5(2), 536. https://doi.org/10.46481/asr.2026.5.2.536

Similar Articles

1-10 of 30

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Most read articles by the same author(s)