Production of Clay-Based Water Filter Using Biomass of Bacillus Subtillis, Sawdust, Activated Charcoal, Periwinkle and Snail Shell as Additives

Authors

  • Damilola T. Ogundele Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, Kwara State University Malete, Nigeria
  • Yusuf A. Iyanda Department of Environmental Management & Toxicology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
  • Ifedayo J. Akinruli Department of Glass and Ceramic Technology Federal Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
  • Christiana O. Oke Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria
  • Olusanya E. Oludele Department of Industrial Safety and Environmental Technology, Petroleum Training Institute, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria
  • Aliru O. Mustapha Department of Chemistry & Industrial Chemistry, Kwara State University Malete, Nigeria

Keywords:

Ceramic, Chemical-contaminants, Bio-contaminants, Water treatment

Abstract

A Significant proportion of rural households lacked access to improved and safe drinking water due to chemical and microbial contamination. Point-of-use (POU) water filters made from cheap, locally available ceramic materials and additives can achieve quality water parameters. Ceramic water filters were prepared by combining clay minerals with additives. Sawdust was used as a burnout material to achieve porosity and enhance the filtration rate. Silver nitrate, charcoal, periwinkle shell, snail shell, and biomass of Bacillus Subtilis were added in different ratios. The filter was formulated with charcoal, sawdust, snail shell, and periwinkle shell to remove microbes and treat heavy metals through the adsorption process. The filters were molded and fired in a temperature range of (700oC - 900oC). Characterization of the clay mineral, physiochemical and Microbial tests were conducted on the ceramic and water. Antimicrobial test was carried out on the biomass of Bacillus subtilis. Mineralogical (XRD) and elemental analysis of the clay, snail, and periwinkle shells showed high percentage composition of serpentine (a clay crystal), plagioclase, a mixture of feldspar minerals albite (sodium aluminosilicate - NaAlSi3O8), anorthite calcium aluminosilicate- CaAl2Si2O8) and Calcium (70-97 %composition) respectively. The results showed a greater proportion of silica in the clay, suggesting the material is silicate. Filtration rate was estimated at 1.125 L/hr. The result showed the filter has 96.72%, 99.26%, and 66.67% colony removal efficiency for heterotrophic bacteria, coliform, and fungi respectively. The filter showed about 70% - 96% efficiency for the treatment of physiochemical parameters in wastewater.

Dimensions

United Nations General Assembly, “The human right to water and sanitation”, Available at http://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/? (2010).

World Health Organization, “Safely managed drinking water: Thematic report on drinking water”. WHO, Geneva (2017).

World Health Organisation, and United Nations Children Education Fund Progress on Sanitation and DrinkingWater: 2013 Update; UNICEF: New York, NY, USA. (2013).

World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund, 25 Years progress on sanitation and drinking water. Available at http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user upload/ resources/JMP-Update-report-2015 English.pdf (2015).

The World Bank. www.the globaleconomy.com (2020).

USAID Nigeria, “Water”, Available online: https://www.usaid.gov/nigeria/water (2020).

H. Ritchie & M. Roser, “Clean Water” (2021). Available online: https://ourworldindata.org/water-access

A. Galadima, Z. N. Garba, L. Leke, M. N. Almustapha & I. K. Adam, “Domestic Water Pollution among Local Communities in Nigeria—Causes and Consequences”, Eur. J. Sci. Res. 52 (2011) 592.

H. T. Ishaku, M. R. Majid, A. A. Ajayi & A. Haruna, “Water Supply Dilemma in Nigerian Rural Communities: Looking Towards the Sky for an Answer”, J. Water Resours. Prot. 3 (2011) 598. http://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.38069.

C. E. Onyenekenwa, “Improving the access to potable water in Nigeria”, Afr. J. Sci. 8 (2007) 1962.

S. C. Anisfeld, Water Resources, Island Press, Center for Resource Economics, Washington, DC (2010).

A. Gupta, R. K. Evans, L. B. Koch, A. J. Littleton & S. Biggins, “Purification of kinetochores from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae”, Methods Cell Biol 144 (2018) 349.

A. K. Plappally, & J. H. Lienhard, “Costs for Water Supply, Treatment, End-Use and Reclamation”, Desalination and Water Treatment 51 (2013) 1. http://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.708996.

A. K. Plappally & J. H. Lienhard, “Energy Requirements for Water Production, Treatment, End Use, Reclamation, and Disposal”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 7. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.022.

A. K. Plappally, “Theoretical and Empirical Modeling of Flow, Strength, Leaching and Micro-Structural Characteristics of V Shaped Porous Ceramic Water Filters”, Columbus (2010). https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg 10?0::NO:10:P10 ETD SUBID:71963

K. W. Brown, R. M. Ryan & J. D. Creswell, “Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for Its Salutary Effects”, Psychological Inquiry 18 (2007) 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298

A. Samson, A. Kamar, T. Oladepo & J. O. Jejem, "A Study of Ceramic Pot Filters Made from Clay Body and Sawdust". Journal of Resources Development and Management 45 (2018) 1.

R. Satankar, A. Kaurwar, S. Gupta, K. Usha, S.T. Azeko, W. O. Soboyejo, A.B.O. Soboyejo & A. Plappally, Role of Equine Ordure in Enhancing Physical and Mechanical Properties of Natural Bio-Active Composites, In Advanced Polymeric Materials for Sustainability and Innovations, edited by Didier Rouxel Sajith Rahman, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, 1st ed. Apple Academic Press, CRC Press (2017).

R. W Schweitzer, J. A Cunningham & J. R Mihelcic, “Hydraulic modeling of clay ceramic water filters for point-of-use water treatment”, Environmental Science and Technology 47 (2013) 429.

J. J. Simonis & A. K. Basson, “Evaluation of a Low-Cost Ceramic Micro-Porous Filter for Elimination of Common Disease Microorganisms”, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 36 (2011) 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.07.064.

A. R. Bielefeldt, K. Kowalski & R.S. Summers, “Bacterial Treatment Effectiveness of Point of-Use Ceramic Water Filters”, Water Research 43 (2009) 3559.

D. S. Lantagne, R. Quick & E. D. Mintz, “Household water treatment and safe storage options in developing countries: a review of current implementation practices”, WashingtonWoodrowWilson international center for scholars. Available online at https://www.joinforwater.ngo/en/

E. I. Ugwu & J. Agunwamba, “A review on the applicability of activated carbon derived from plant biomass in adsorption of chromium, copper, and zinc from industrial wastewater”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2020) 192. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8162-0.

V. Aimikhe & G. B. Lekia, “An Overview of the Applications of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Shells”, Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 40 (2021) 31. https://doi.org/10.9734/CJAST/2021/v40i1831442

T. Clasen, W.P. Schmidt, T. Rabie, I. Roberts & S. Cairncross, “Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhea, systematic review and metanalysis”, BMJ 334 (2007) 782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.047.

A. A. Thair & S. Olli, “Clay and Clay Mineralogy”, Espoo: Geologian Tutkuskeskus (2008).

S. Parven, A. Chakraborty, C. Dipakky, P. Sonjita, B. Anandamay & G. Aditya, “Microstructural Analysis and Mechanical Characterization of the Shells of three freshwater Snails”. American Chemical Society (2020).

B. A. Ajayi, Y. D. Lamidi & S. S. Owoeye, “Possibility of Using Glass-Snail Shell for Industrial Wastewater Treatment”, International Research Journal 3 (2013) 8.

S. Melvia, G. Sri, & K. D. Nina, “Analysis and Benefits of shell content of fresh water and Land Snails from Gatropods Class”, Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 12 (2022) 508.

WHO, World Health Statistics, Selected Infectious Disease (2009) 59.

S. M. Kleiner, “Water: an essential but overlooked nutrient”. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 99 (1999) 200.

Published

2023-06-18

How to Cite

Production of Clay-Based Water Filter Using Biomass of Bacillus Subtillis, Sawdust, Activated Charcoal, Periwinkle and Snail Shell as Additives. (2023). African Scientific Reports, 2(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.46481/asr.2023.2.2.93

Issue

Volume 2, Issue 2, August 2023

Section

Original Research
Copyright & Licensing

Copyright (c) 2023 Damilola T. Ogundele, Yusuf A. Iyanda, Ifedayo J. Akinruli, Christiana O. Oke, Olusanya E. Oludele, Aliru O. Mustapha

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Production of Clay-Based Water Filter Using Biomass of Bacillus Subtillis, Sawdust, Activated Charcoal, Periwinkle and Snail Shell as Additives. (2023). African Scientific Reports, 2(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.46481/asr.2023.2.2.93